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TCP/IP Protocol overhead
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Bits vs. Bytes: The Great Confusion

Have you ever paid for "100 Mbps" internet but noticed your Steam downloads max out at 12.5 MB/s? You aren't being ripped off; you are seeing the difference between bits and Bytes.

The Formula: Divide your Internet Speed (Mbps) by 8 to get your rough File Transfer Speed (MB/s).
Example: 100 Mbps / 8 = 12.5 MB/s.

What Affects Upload Speed?

Even if you have a Gigabit connection, you might not upload at full speed. Several Real-world factors intervene:

1. TCP/IP Overhead

Every packet of data you send includes header information (addresses, error checks) that isn't part of your file. This creates about a 2-10% efficiency loss.

2. Server Latency

If the server you are uploading to (e.g., Google Drive, Dropbox) is far away or under heavy load, it will throttle your connection.

3. Wi-Fi Interference

Uploading via Ethernet cable is always faster and more stable than Wi-Fi, which suffers from signal loss through walls.

Common Transfer Scenarios

📧
Email Attachment
25 MB
~2s @ 100Mbps
🎬
HD Movie
4 GB
~6m @ 100Mbps
🎮
Modern Game
100 GB
~2.5h @ 100Mbps

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is my upload slower than download?

Most home internet connections are Asymmetric (ADSL/Cable). ISPs know people consume more content than they create, so they allocate more bandwidth to download channels.

Does using a VPN slow down transfers?

Yes. Encrypting and decrypting data adds processing time, and the data has to travel an extra hop through the VPN server.